Vaccination For Children And Immune Compromised Adults

Vaccines are made up of a weakened version of the bacteria or virus, or dead forms of the organism, or in other cases, an inactivated toxin that is produced by the bacteria. Upon the introduction of vaccine into the body, the immune system is manipulated into thinking that the body is under attack and produces specific antibodies as a defense mechanism. These antibodies stay in the bloodstream, protecting the body against actual infections for months, years or even a lifetime. Why are vaccines important, especially for children and immune-compromised adults? Vaccination protects from serious illness and complications caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite many efforts and medical advances, infectious diseases like measles, mumps, and whooping cough are still a threat and often there are no cures available for these diseases. Smallpox has been eradicated due to a vaccine and many expect that other terrible infectious diseases will be eliminated in the near future. This paper will explore (1) the history of vaccination, (2) pros and cons of vaccinations, and lastly (3) the future of vaccines. Well before Dr. Edward Jenner made an impact on human disease by creating the world’s first vaccine for smallpox in 1796, people in China, Africa and Turkey were practicing variolations as early as 1,000 CE. Variolation involved inhaling a powder made from smallpox scabs, much like the modern-day flu mist. It evolved to a process where pus from smallpox pustules is applied to aShow MoreRelatedVaccination Safety And Necessity Has Been Debated For Years1551 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccination safety and necessity has been debated for years. Vaccine supporters claim they are completely safe and necessary for everyone. People against vaccines question their safety and feel it should be a personal choice. While some vaccines are for personal safety, others are for the safety of society and should be given to the majority of people to avoid previously eradicated diseases from coming back and killing off thousands, even millions of people. Vaccinations are an asset to our healthcareRead MoreAbove are a list of vaccinations that â€Å"must† be administered before entrance into a public school1500 Words   |  6 Pagesare a list of vaccinations that â€Å"must† be administered before entrance into a public school in Ohio. However, the administration of these vaccinations can easily be stopped if a parent/guardians religious, or moral views contradict their child receiving the vaccination. When new mother Chelsea Crawford was asked how she would feel if her son was in class with an unvaccinated child she explained she would be nervous. She would be nervous not only for her child but all the children and their familiesRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory For Children1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world, a number of which have been eradicated through the widespread administration of vaccinations. In the 1950s, the number of polio cases in the United States was at 58,000, and in 1988, this disease had affected 350,000 people (11 Facts About Polio). Because polio mainly affects children under the age of five, it became very important to parents that something was done to cure and protect their children. When the polio vaccine was created, doctors were able to administer it to people acrossRead MoreTraditional Argument1359 Words   |  6 Pagessimply by getting a vaccination for certain diseases. There has been much discussion in recent years over whether or not paren ts should have their children vaccinated. Parents hear a great deal of information in the medi about the effectiveness and side effects of vaccinations. After hearing all sorts of negative things about vaccinations, it is easy to see why parents would be reluctant to have their children injected with all sorts of chemicals. In the end, the reason that children are not requiredRead MoreChildren Should Not Receive Scheduled Vaccinations1508 Words   |  7 PagesChildren are a vulnerable group within a population with respect to diseases, which then increases their susceptibility to various illnesses, as adults generally have a stronger immune system as compared to children. Steens, Beasley, Tsui, and Lee (1975) argued that children are more prone to be a carrier of diseases than adults (as cited in Anderson and May, 1985). With that being said, the focus remains on vaccinating children as the majority are in school for a great amount of time where theyRead MoreAnti Vaccination : A Dangerous Movement1331 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Vaccination, it is a dangerous movement that recently began and is killing hundreds of innocent children. Certain vaccinations should be mandatory for the health and safety of our children and communities because parents who do not vaccinate their children not only put themselves at risk, but other innocent children. A family with a young girl returns to the US from Kenya. They are Anti-Vaccine. The girl contracts measles, which spreads to her family members. measles has a fairly long incubationRead MoreThe Dangers Of Vaccinating Children From Viruses That Could Cause Birth Defects903 Words   |  4 Pagesunborn children from viruses that could cause birth defects. Protecting future generations is vital in order to try and exterminate disease. The dangers of not vaccinating include exposing the individual child to disease, and also exposing other vulnerable people who may have compromised immune systems or not are eligible for vaccination. By receiving a vaccination you are limiting a future outbreak. Disease has been a problem for as long as mankind has been around. By making vaccinations mandatoryRead MoreImmunization Awareness For Children With Hiv1512 Words   |  7 PagesImmunization awareness for parents of children diagnosed with HIV ages 6 months to 18 years in the Little Egypt commun ity Olga Kalantyreva University of Central Florida Immunization awareness for parents of children diagnosed with HIV ages 6 months to 18 years in the Little Egypt community Part I: Community Diagnosis The community diagnosis that is examined and outlined in this health promotion paper is a knowledge deficit of immunization among parents of children diagnosed with HIV ages 6 monthsRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Required For Children?1415 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccines Be Required For Children? All living things on this earth are subject to attack from a disease-causing agent. Therefore, multicellular animals have dedicated cells and tissues that fight off infectious microbes in order to build immunity. A multitude of specialized cells carries out much of the immune system’s work. Each of these cells is intended to fight off diseases in a particular way. Vaccination, which is one of the methods that is used to prevent germs from proliferatingRead MoreShould Religious Exemptions For Hpv Vaccination Are Allowed By The Law?1467 Words   |  6 Pagesparents and organizations are opposed to this policy because they feel that it is an infringement on personal choice. While religious exemptions to HPV vaccination are allowed by the law, there is no built in policy for exemptions based on personal secular values. Some vegan families, for example, may feel uncomfortable vaccinating their children since animals are involved in the research and development of several vaccine s, including the HPV vaccine. Individuals against animal testing, or recombinant

How to Find Trustworthy Sources

Whether youre conducting research for a book report, an essay, or a news article, finding trustworthy sources of information is essential. This is crucial for a few reasons. First, you want to be sure that the information youre using is based on fact and not on opinion. Second, your readers are placing their trust in your ability to gauge a sources reliability. And third, by using legitimate sources, youre protecting your reputation as a writer. An Exercise in Trust It can be helpful to put the topic of trustworthy sources into perspective with an exercise. Imagine that you are walking down a neighborhood street and you come upon a disturbing scene. A man is lying on the ground with a leg wound and several paramedics and police officers are buzzing around him. A small spectator crowd has gathered, so you approach one of the bystanders to ask what happened. This guy was jogging down the street and a big dog came running out and attacked him, the man says. You take a few steps and approach a woman. You ask her what happened. This man was trying to rob that house and a dog bit him, she replies. Two different people have given different accounts of an event. To get closer to the truth, youll have to find out if either person is connected to the event in any way. You soon discover that the man is a friend of the bite victim. You also realize that the woman is the dogs owner. Now, what do you believe? Its probably time to find a third source of information and one who is not a stakeholder in this scene. Bias Factors In the scene described above, both witnesses have a big stake in the outcome of this event. If the police determine that an innocent jogger was attacked by a dog, the dogs owner is subject to fines and further legal trouble. If the police determine that the apparent jogger was actually involved in an illegal activity at the time he was bitten, the wounded man faces a penalty and the woman is off the hook. If you were a news reporter, you would have to determine whom to trust by digging deeper and making an assessment of each source. You would have to collect details and determine if your witnesses statements are trustworthy or not. Bias can stem from many causes: Stakeholders ambitionsPreconceived beliefsPolitical designsPrejudiceSloppy research Every eyewitness account of an event involves points of view and opinion to some degree. It is your job to assess each persons trustworthiness by scrutinizing their statements for potential bias.   What To Look For It is nearly impossible after an event has occurred to determine the exactness of every detail. The following tips will help you determine the trustworthiness of your sources: Every writer, lecturer, reporter, and teacher has an opinion. The most reliable sources are straightforward about how and why they are presenting their information to the public.An Internet article that provides news but does not provide a list of sources is not very trustworthy. An article that lists its sources, either in the text or in a bibliography, and places those sources into context is more reliable.An article that is published by a reputable media organization or reputable institution (such as a university or research organization) is also trustworthy.Books are generally considered more trustworthy because the author and publisher are clearly stated and they are held responsible. When a book publisher publishes a book, that publisher takes responsibility for its truthfulness.News organizations are generally for-profit businesses (there are exceptions, such as National Public Radio, which is a non-profit organization). If you use these as sources, you must consider their man y stakeholders and political slants.Fiction is made up, so fiction is not a good source of information. Even movies based on real events are fiction.Memoirs and autobiographies are nonfiction, but they contain a single persons point of view and opinions. If you use an autobiography as a source, you must acknowledge that the information is one-sided.A nonfiction book that provides a bibliography of sources is more trustworthy than a book that does not.An article that is published in a scholarly journal is usually scrutinized for accuracy by a team of editors and fact-checkers. University presses are particularly good sources for nonfiction and scholarly works.Some sources are peer-reviewed. These books and articles go before a panel of non-stakeholding professionals for review and assessment. This body of professionals acts as a small jury to determine truthfulness. Peer-reviewed articles are very trustworthy. Research is a quest for truth. Your job as a researcher is to use the most trustworthy sources to find the most accurate information. Your job also involves using a variety of sources, to reduce the chances that you are relying on tainted, opinion-filled evidence.

BenJerry Business Problems Free Essays

As Bob the new CEO of Ben Jerry’s, we believe that the following factors currently pose the most critical problem to the firm. Firstly, our internal x-factors namely manufacturing, inventory management, research and product development are in dire need of improvement. Currently, Ben Jerry’s is highly dependent on Dreyer’s for production of its ice cream; up to 40% of Ben Jerry’s total ice cream is produced by Dreyer’s. We will write a custom essay sample on BenJerry Business Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ben Jerry’s high dependency on Dreyer’s hasn’t been solved due to its inability to open and operate its third factory in St.  Albans, Vermont. This was due to the lack of understanding of the complex automated manufacturing systems which led to the adoption of simpler proven processes. Bob was hired to solve this problem due to my expertise in manufacturing and distribution in the food industry, even though his work experience in several aggressive management style corporations remain a concern due to the fact that benjerry’s is one of the most famous conservative social enterprise. However, this social enterprise was being criticized for corporate activities from damaging tribal cultures till other smaller issue, these issues could damage the brand reputation and sales further in the future. There are also several other x-factors apart from manufacturing which must also be solved. In my perspective, the firm’s RD department is in need of improvement as the firm currently relies solely on the founder’s ideas and tastes, neglecting altogether the formal market research on the development of new flavors. This has led to problems of shortages and overstocks of particular flavors. Another serious problem within the firm is the 7:1 ratio, causing the firm to fail in attracting competent professionals and incentivizing mid-level employees from working hard and earning a promotion. The number one external problem facing the firm is the naturally slow growth in this higher competition industry and the shifting demand within the super-premium ice cream segment towards the premium ice cream and frozen yoghurt segment. From the figures in exhibit 4, the frozen yogurt per production increased approximately 73% from 1. 34 in 1989 to 2. 32 quarts in 1994. We can clearly see that this increase in production has been primarily to meet the growing demands of more health-conscious consumers. The effect of more value-conscious consumers can also be seen in the shifting demand from the super-premium ice cream segment to the premium ice cream segment. Therefore we believe that we should merge or takeover a key player in the premium ice cream segment in order to enter the growing premium market, as seen in exhibit 6, and better utilize our existing cash and assets which has been unproductive for the past several years, as seen in exhibit 2. Moreover, this will help us in dealing with the possible threat of Unilever buying Haagen-Dazs in an attempt to dominate the ice cream market. If this deal happens to go through, Haagen-Dazs will exceed us in every aspect including channels of distribution, marketing, and operations. Therefore, we believe that negotiations with Unilever are crucial at this moment in time. The higher competition has induced firms to advertise more, thus eating a substantial portion of the profits. In 1994, we spent $6 million on advertising alone, causing expenses to jump significantly resulting in a net loss for the first time in the firm’s history. If the competition wasn’t so high and we didn’t have to spend $6 million on ads, our firm would still have been able to absorb the cost of the write off without incurring a net loss. The higher competition in recent years causes the profit margin in the industry to fall with merging or taking over will improve our company reduce our operating costs, thus, higher profit margin. How to cite BenJerry Business Problems, Papers

Occupational Health And Safety Management - Free Sample Solution

Question: Write an essay on Health and Safety? Answer: Literature Review Introduction In this contemporary world, both nationally and internationally the health and safety issues of the employees and workers are the major concerns to every organization irrespective of any business they are attached with. Achalli, Shetty Babu (2012) commented on the essential fact that measures as well as strategies are thereby designed and taken in order to minimize, control, prevent as well as eliminate the occupational risks and hazards. In order to keep pace with the modern technology and economic conditions of the organization, several organizations are keen to make several improvements within the workplace. As per mentioned by Bas (2014) in order to safeguard these workers and employees from workplace hazards and accidents, Occupational Health and Safety Act came into existence. As per the law, organization is bound to take safety measures to take care of the health and safety of the employees and workers. Moreover, according to the outlook of Ceballos, Gong Page (2015) the organizations have a management team that are totally concerned about the occupational risks and health issues. The management team thereby keeps a hawk eye to value the safety within the workplace along with also take measures for prevention of any kind of occupational violence within the workplace. Apart from this, Bhatt Seema (2012) also commented that the employees and workers are also given sufficient trainings regarding the occupational safety and also are trained to face these risks and accidents. This also helps in facing the risks to some considerable extent. Even the management also is in a continuous process for improvement, expansion and updating of the safety measures within the organization. This assignment will be dealing with the occupational health and Safety, OHAS Act, kinds of occupational hazards and requirements of occupational health and safety measures. In addition to this, management of occupational health, operational measures and steps taken for prevention occupational hazards will also be discussed vividly. Occupational Health and Safety Derickson et al. (2015) commented on the essential piece of information that it is very natural that when employees and workers are working within an organization, mishap or accidents can happen. This is because; it involves mal functioning of any machinery or chemicals that may lead to severe accidents within the workplace. It is quite natural that working with heavy machineries in a manufacturing and production organization, working in a laboratory with chemicals, or in any organization where fire can break out due to short-circuiting can lead to huge accidents. So, as per opined by Findsen (2015) occupational health and safety measures need to be taken sincerely and positively for the welfare of the employees and workers. It is a major responsibility of the organization for its employees and workers and it is bound to maintain the responsibility to its maximum extent. According to the outlook and opinion of Ford Tetrick (2011) implementations and improvements of the measures are one of the major concerns of the organization apart from gaining profits. Both nationally and internationally, it is now days a matter of concern and hence organizations take it seriously as an inseparable part. It is even the responsibility of the organization to see, check; maintain the systems, machineries, wirings and every property of the organization that the workers, labors and employees use on the everyday basis. As per mentioned by Guidotti (2013) in every organization it is mandatory to keep a strong management that is only concerned with the occupational health and safety of the employees, labors and workers. A successful organization is always concerned about it and hence this also motivates the employees to work with more productivity. On the other hand, Ghosh (2013) also commented that workplace violence which is also a part of occupation health and hazard also needs strong hands for the welfare of the workers and employees. There were organizations where the labors and employees are beaten and hurt for wrong outputs and not giving proper outputs. So, as opined by Johnson (2011) it should be acknowledged that the organization needs to have both responsibility and authority to prevent all kinds of violence, torture and risks within the organization. Prevention of these helps the organization and the workplace a healthy place to work in for the employees, labors and workers. Occupational Violence As per commented by Gibson (2014) the work place violence or occupational violence can be referred to as incidents where the employees are abused, assaulted as well as threatened related to their work. This ranges from verbal abuse, threats and even physical assaults that may sometimes lead to job related deaths. This kind of behavior is a matter of concern since it affects the health as well as safety of the employees. There are certain behaviors that are related to work that easily depicts the employees are facing occupational violence. As commented by Lu Lu (2011) the behaviors are biting, scratching, hitting, spitting, pushing shoving, grabbing, tripping and kicking. Other than this, the employees also face occupational violence through verbal threats, threatening through armed forces and weapons and even through sexual assault. Locally, nationally and internationally in each and every organization it is now days a growing concern for the welfare of the employees. Oliver Foscarini (2013) commented on the essential fact that even the organizations have taken strong steps against the molestation of the employees at the workplace. It is the responsibility of the organizations to maintain the peace and harmony within the workplace. This is because; the employees and workers working in the organization totally rely on the management policy of the organization. Popoola (2013) also had opined strategically that the employees are also trained about facing all these kinds of violence within the workplace. Other than this, it is statistically seen that nearly 2 million of the American workers are sufferers from the occupational violence in the workplace. OSHA Act Occupational Safety and Health or OSHA came into existence in 28th April, 1971. According to the outlook of Rusch, Frazier Atkins (2014) it is necessary for the organization to have a sustainable and healthy workforce within the organization in order to meet up the local, national as well as international level of prestige and position. In US, it is also see that in every two hours, a US worker is silenced forever since they have faced occupational accidents. It is also seen statistically that nearly more than 1millon employees face injuries and nearly 2.3 million of the workers suffer from ill health. Moreover, as per Salisbury (2014) it is also statistically seen that more than 25,000 individuals lose their jobs every year just because of ill health and injury. The records are thereby kept by the management team of the organization in order to see their improvement in their work. Moreover, as commented by Scheid (2013) the occupational health and safety are the major and essential issues that need to be kept in mind of each of the organization for a sustainable growth. As per the Act, the objectives of the act are detection of any kind of work hazards that are related to health and risks within the organization. According to the outlook of Snell, Eagle Van Aerde (2014) periodic inspection of the workplace is done for discovering any kind of hazard and unsecured place within the organization. The simple methods and the techniques along with educating the workers for safe conduction of work are taught to the employees and workers. Apart from this, Scott (2014) also commented that the occupational hygiene also includes the study of toxicology, chemical as well as physical behavior o air contamination as well as designing and evaluation of ventilation systems. So, occupational hygienists are solely responsible for environmental monitoring as well as detection of any kind of exposed risks that may be faced by the employees at the time of working. Moreover, in order to protect the employees and workers from any kind of occupational violence, OSHA Act has taken special steps for protecting the employees and workers to the maximum extent. As commented by Salisbury (2014) the law states that the organization if fails to ensure and maintain the employees safety within and outside the work place within the working hours, then strong legal steps can be taken against the organization. As per the law, it is the sole responsibility of the organization to maintain a safe and secured workplace within the organization. This makes the employees and workers feel safe while within the organization and hence failure of any rules and policy will lead to workplace violence. In addition to this, Terrell, Hartnett Marcus (2011) also opined that the Act also encourages the employees and workers to report as well as log any kinds of threat, violence and hazards the employees face within the workplace. Moreover, the organization also needs to have first aid and safety box within the organization for the workers and employees. Other than this, the victims of occupational violence also need to report the incidents to the local police station immediately. Types of occupational hazards Willey (2014) commented that while working within the organization, each and every labor faces some abnormalities and problems while working in dangerous and uncanny situations. Each and every organization thereby faces some kind of problems and is sometimes working in a situation that is totally unfavorable to them. As per mentioned by Yu et al. (2013) the occupational hazards can be of physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, construction, agricultural hazards etc. These kind of hazards not only the affects the employees and workers life but also makes them impaired through hands, limbs, eyes, ears etc. In this context, the researcher has discussed about several occupational hazards that are discussed below- Physical Hazards- According to the outlook of Yusuff (2014) physical hazards take into account the physical hazards are the common sources of injury that occurs within the organization. These hazards occur from heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, ultraviolet radiation as well as ionizing radiation. These are the unavoidable injuries that the employees and workers face to certain extent that differ the degrees of abnormalities. Zanko Dawson (2011) also commented that heat exposures takes into account the heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke as well as increased fatigue. Moreover, the heavy industries also take into account the furnaces, boilers and ovens that radiate huge quantity of heat giving rise to hypothermia. This therefore makes the employees work in a very stressful way and even causes impairment to ears and eyes. According to the opinion of Abdulloeva Eyler (2013) the sound of heavy machineries also causes permanent hearing impairment. Apart from this, excessive cold within the workplace also causes rise to breathing problems, asthma etc. The workers exposed to excessive brightness and light also face vision and visual problems. Continuous as well as excessive brightness gives rise to visual fatigue and blurred vision. In addition to this, noise is another health hazard that affects the permanent impairment of the eyes. Moreover, Bagaria Sharma (2015) commented that continuous exposure to the vibration within the organization that is caused due drills and hammers also causes health hazards of the workers and employees. This makes the rupture of the fine blood vessels of fingers and may lead to white fingers. This leads to impairment of the hands of the employees after a certain period of time which leads to the incapability of working of the employees. Moreover, as commented by Berton Novi (2012) this continuous exposure also produces injuries of the hands, shoulders, elbows as well as joints making a person physically challenged after a time being. As a result, the employees find themselves physically challenged after some period of time and is compelled to leave the organization due to physical incapability. According to Byron et al. (2014) the ultraviolet radiation and ionized are both harmful to the workers and employees. These cause intense conductivities, keratitis, redness of eye along with pain and several kinds of skin diseases. Even sometimes, the vision gets totally blurred after sometimes and the employees and workers are compelled to leave the organization due to their physical impairment. Moreover, as commented by Chesney Lindeke (2012) the ionized radiation that is most common in the medicine and laboratory based industries are equally dangerous to the employees and workers. This is because; the radiations from the radio isotopes likely phosphorus32 and cobalt60 affect the employees and workers to the maximum extent. The tissues of bone marrows are dried up, leukemia, ulceration, sterility and even depilation and skin cancers are caused that take away the lives of the employees and workers (Akpan, 2011). Continuous exposure of the employees to these radiations causes diseas es and even leads to death of the employees. Chemical hazards- From the outlook and viewpoint of Gonzalez (2011) the chemical hazards are also the causes of occupation health diseases. The organizations those are dealing with chemicals always experiments with new as well as complex chemicals. Continuous exposure of these chemicals causes occupational hazards that cause the life risks of the employees. According to the viewpoint of Shadab (2014) the chemicals include the allergic compounds and other compounds that causes skin diseases, eczema, ulcers, cancers as well as rashes and allergies. Other than this, continuous inhalation of the dusts causes problems in the respiratory system and hence also causes cardio-vascular blockage and infection in lungs. Even sometimes it may lead to pneumoconiosis, silicosis and anthracosis. As opined by Chesney Lindeke (2012) the chemicals such as aromatic nitro as well as amino compounds like TNT along with aniline that are absorbed through skin and have ill effects on the body. Often, it is also seen that that the particles that are less than 5 microns are inhaled into the lungs and thereby stays over there. This respirable dust is one of the major causes of pneumoconiosis. Other than this the dusts can be easily classified into organic and inorganic dusts along with insoluble and soluble dusts. As per commented by ElSaadawy et al. (2014) the inorganic dusts include mica, asbestos and coal and the organic dusts include jute and cotton. The soluble dusts are not that harmful and hence get dissolves into the system that is later excreted and eliminated from the body through metabolism. But Akpan (2011) contradicted that the insoluble dusts stays in the lungs permanently and causes life threatening diseases. This kind of prolonged exposure of the employees and workers into such kind of dusts and chemicals causes death and serious ailments. Chileshe Dzisi (2012) also commented that gases such as carbon monoxide, cyanide gases, chloroform, and ether. Trichloroethylene, coal gas etc are dangerous within the organization. Other than this, the harmful metals such as arsenic, beryllium, cobalt, manganese, phosphorus, mercury, chromium, zinc etc are the chemical intoxications that require medical treatment of the employees and workers. According to the outlook of Ford Wiggins (2012) that these metals and harmful gases causes several skin diseases, respiratory problems as it also may damage the eyes and face of the employees and workers. Moreover, improper washing of hands and in-taking the food with those unwashed hands also causes food poisoning. Biological and Psychosocial Hazards- As per commented by Safty (2014) the biological hazards as well as psychosocial hazards are also found in general in the workplace. The workers and employees those are working with the animal products are generally prone towards biological hazards. This is because, the diseases that are within the animals are easily transmitted to the people and hence they are also infected from the contaminated animals. According to Shadab (2014) the infection is spread through air and directly affects the employees and workers. The employees and workers are prone to the diseases those are suffering from the infections that are spread through contacts, blood etc. As a result; this may lead to the death of the workers. In addition to this, the psychosocial hazards also arise due to failure while adapting psychosocial environment. There are several factors that affect it such as frustration, insecurity in job, emotional tension, degraded human relationship, cultural backgrounds and social habits. Other than this, Ilesanmi, Omotoso Falana (2015) also commented that the different other factors such as education, expectations from other employees within the organization also causes psychosocial hazards. The hostility, aggressiveness, depression, alcoholism, drug intakes and sickness absenteeism affects the mental health of the employees. These factors kill the employees and workers from inside and as a result they later become patients of psychology. Randolph (2015) opined that as a result the employees are much more prone towards alcohols, smoking and etc. This for a time being helps the employees to stay stable but at the end of the day, the employees are majorly harmed from these ill habits. The lungs, heart, liver, pancreas of the workers and employees degrade which in a long run kills the person. Apart from thus, that excessive work pressure also causes stress to the minds of the people which therefore results in psychosocial hazards. Other than this, it also causes rapid ageing, hypertension, peptic ulcer and heart diseases. Mechanical hazards- Ford Wiggins (2012) commented on the essential fact that the mechanical hazards are also the sources of occupational hazards. It has been statistically seen that nearly 20% of the employees and workers meet accidents due to mechanical faults. From the viewpoint of Gonzalez (2011) the mechanical hazards are generally found in the organizations where it mainly deals with manufacturing and production. Machines are thereby common in the workplace and hence chances of meeting accidents from these machines are also natural. In order to protect these kinds of accidents, it is necessary to oil as well as maintain the machines and the electric lines occasionally. As commented by Ilesanmi, Omotoso Falana (2015) there are several factors that cause mechanical hazards in the workplace that causes the death as well as impairment and physically challenged of the workers, labors and employees. These are the mal functioning of the machineries, along with sudden beak down of the machineries, as well as sudden breakdown of fire. Moreover chocking in the pipelines, compartmental blockages, ill sewage system and blockage in the ventilation system causes mechanical accidents in the workplace. Other than this, as per commented by Shadab (2014) accidents may also occur from short circuiting and breakdown of fire from it. The electrical injuries can be segmented into 4 categories such as fatal electrocution, burns, electric shocks and falls due to coming in contact with high voltage power connections. All these incidents within the organization cause fatal accidents that affect the workers and employees to maximum affect which may also sometimes lead to de ath. Requirements of occupational health and safety measures According to the outlook and opinion of Goldman, Koster Schottinger (2013) occupational hazards causes fatal accidents and even may cause death of the workers and employees. As a result, there are certain requirements of health and safety measures that need to be taken within the organization. This is to ensure the health and safety of the employees those results in maintaining a good and safe working culture within the organization. Achalli, Shetty Babu (2012) commented on the essential fact that it is essential for the organization to implement organizational health and safety norms within the business plans. This is a good experience for the organization as well as for the employees that maintains the safety of both. In this context, the researcher aims in discussing about the essentialities of the safety measures that need to be taken within the organization for the workers and employees. The dynamic management strategies also need to be developed as well as implemented for ens uring the coherence and relevancy within the organization. The requirements of the occupational safety are given as below- Ensure a safety workplace- As per commented by Flores (2015) the organizational safety is an important issue of every organization operating locally or nationally or internationally. This is because; it makes the workplace a safe place where the employees can work safely within the organization. Other than this, the organization aims in making the workplace a better place where the employees aim in getting a safe workplace. As mentioned by Guidotti (2013) the employees are prone towards various kinds of hazards in the workplace that arises from the mal functioning of the machineries, electric lines etc. other than this, working with various chemicals and animals also causes life-threatening diseases to the employees and labors. Randolph (2015) commented on the important piece of information that as a result, this causes fatal accidents and even leads to death of the labors and workers. For avoiding these things, the organization will give safety measures to the customers to the maxim um extent. This will be preventing the employees to the maximum extent and hence will also be minimize the maximum ill effects and causes of workplace accidents. To increase productivity- Guidotti (2013) commented on the important piece of information that the employees and workers find it safe in the organization if they see that the organization is safe in its operation. This makes the employees and workers satisfied and happy from inside and they tend to work more for higher productivity. According to the outlook of Randolph (2015) the workplace can be easily made safe and organized if they see that the machineries are working well and are also oiled and maintained periodically. Along with this, the electric lines also need to be checked properly and systematically. Other than this, the productivity of the people is also increased to considerable extent. This is because, the employees will be happy and well as content that will increase the productivity and also will affect the profit of the organization. As mentioned by Ilesanmi, Omotoso Falana (2015) the better the workplace of the organization, the more the employees will be focused on the productivity of the organization and this will result in higher gain in profits. Moreover, this will also ensure the organization in occupying a prestigious position in the contemporary market and hence employees will love working in the organizations. To motivate the employees- According to the outlook of Goldman, Koster Schottinger (2013) the essential steps also need to be taken for the safety purposes of the employees within the workplace. The employees therefore are motivated through the healthy policies and politics of the organization. The better and safe the workplace will be, the more the employees will be motivated to the maximum extent. In order to in motivate the employees; the organization needs to ensure that the workplace has to be safe and sound for the employees to work freely. These measures help in making appropriate responses from the employees to the organization. The several policies as well as polices help in effectively handling the services in the most hazardous situations. Flores (2015) also commented on the essential fact that in order to motivate the employees, each and every organization aims to give a good and a healthy working place to the workers and employees. This therefore gives a safety feeling in the minds of the employees and the employees feel self content and satisfied that leads to the organizational success to the considerable extent. Management of occupational health In this contemporary world, each and every organization aims in providing healthy and a safe workplace to the employees. As commented by Achalli, Shetty Babu (2012) the organizations aim in having their own management team that is totally concerned about different kinds of occupational hazards within the organization and also take the steps in maintaining the occupational health. It is one of the major concerns of the organization that takes into account the occupational health and thereby also promotes a healthy workplace. From the viewpoint of Safty (2014) this is done to ensure that the employees and workers working in the organization are safe and the organization has taken the responsibility of their safety. In this context, the researcher has explained the several steps taken by the management and the essentiality of the management regarding the occupational health. According to the outlook and opinion of Guidotti (2013) the occupational health and safety measures are an increasingly popular method that is getting importance and popularity among several stakeholders. Different doctors and nurses are thereby appointed by the organization in order to take the safety measures of the employees those have faced accidents from occupational hazards. Other than this, as mentioned by Gonzalez (2011) the management style also helps in motivating the employees as well as keeping a healthy workplace within the organization. In addition to this, the management committee is set up within the work place that also encourages the involvement of the employees. Flores (2015) commented that the management of the organization is also focused on the analysis of the workplace safety. The hazard prevention and control of the organization also focuses on the program that helps in making goals and objectives of the organization According to the outlook of Ford Wiggins (2012) the prevention program of workplace violence is also encouraged and developed by the management of the organization. This program has certain goals and objectives and also aims in preventing the violence in the workplace to the maximum extent. Berton Novi (2012) also commented on the essential fact that the laws, policies, and regulations that is present within the management programs of the organization helps in taking care of the people to the maximum extent and hence helps in evaluation of the program. The requirements are clearly stated within the organizational preventive measures that help in making the workplace safe for the employees. In addition to this, as per commented by Byron et al. (2014) the management team within the organization also analyses the workplace environment, machineries as well as electric lines. These are done on basis of periodic assessments and routines which helps in providing the employees and workers a better and healthy place for working. Moreover, as mentioned by Achalli, Shetty Babu (2012) if any kind of hazards and violence if faced by the employees are reported to the management, it takes strong steps against it as well as also keeps a record of it. Moreover, keeping records of the incidents are analyzed later that helps in keeping a track of the organizational accidents. Operational Measures The management has to take many measures while charting the safety and health policies in the workplace. Every organization has to see that they do not fall short in preventing risks at the workplace which might hamper the employees working and also the operations of the organizations (Markstrm Karlsson 2012). The employers should analyze the job and also the worksite to prevent the hazards from happening. After the analysis of the worksite the management must take proper measures to avert the risks and threats. They should do the following to initiate the operational measures: Identification and evaluation of the control options for the hazards in the workplace. Selection of the feasible and effective control to mitigate or decrease the hazards. Employing the controls in workplace. Following up to make sure that the controls are used and sustained effectively. Evaluation of the control on the basis of the effectiveness and also to see the improvements if they are needed to be updated. The best measure to alleviate any occupational hazards is to eradicate it or to bring up a safer practice of work. These substitutions may be hard to initiate in most environment but not difficult to initiate (Osazuwa-Peters, Azodo Obuekwe, 2012). The operational controls are physical alterations which either eliminates the hazard from the workplace or to create a barrier between the hazard and the worker. In the workplaces where it is feasible there are multiple controls of operations which effectively can control or prevent the hazards of the workplace. These operational controls also include the following strategies: Using barriers which are physical like guards or enclosures or door locks to minimize the exposure of the employee to the hazards. Metal detectors are also a necessity Panic buttons should be installed so that the employees can call for help in case of any risks occurred. This will help the other people know about the hazards and also immediate help might be sending to rescue to the people. A first aid box is very necessary in every workplace in case of any accidents occur while working or handling any difficult equipments. Some workplace also keeps an emergency ambulance to take workers who are hurt during work to hospitals; this is a very good initiative of the companies who employ such measures (Ruibyte Adamoniene, 2014). Proper and additional lighting should be present in every work units so that no worker is hurt due to inadequate light. This will also help them in working properly to avert risks. Manufacturing factories should be properly lightened so that the factory workers are not hurt. There should be more accessible exits in workplace so that in case of emergency every person is able to properly get out of the danger area. In case of fire at workplace these exits are useful to remove people from the area. Regular updating of machines re to be done to check the feasibility of the machines and also if they are appropriate to work on. Oiling of all equipment is to be done so that the machines do not create any sort of hazard during any process of manufacturing (Kortum, Leka Cox, 2011). The operational measures should be site specific and they should also be based on the identified hazards in the analysis of the worksite. Steps taken for preventing occupational hazards (Bas, 2014) pointed that the undesirable effect which work may have on health has severe consequences in regards to the economic and human cost not only for workers and the families of the workers but for the companies and the society also as a whole. So as to share the impacts of these effects EU has created a legal structure to prevent the risks and promote the safety and health measures at work (Siziya et al 2012). The legislation of European Union compels the companies to initiate the social policies to focus on the human being as an individual so as to improve the workers well being while they do their job. The foundation of the requirements in these areas of prevention of risk in workplace is called framework directive; which offers a basis of reference for a sequence of some specific directives that will wrap every risks that is related to the safety and health at workplace. Besides these it also sets the obligations of the workers and their employers with the perspective of developing health and safety issues in workplace (Sirriyeh et al 2012). A well put chart for the prevention of occupational hazards in the workplace is incorporated in an organization to protect the safety and health program, providing an efficient approach to decrease the hazard risks in the workplace (Achalli, Shetty, Babu, 2012). The blocks of constructing the efficient prevention of the occupational hazards include: Commitment of the management and participation Analysis of the worksite Prevention of the hazards and control Health and safety training Program evaluation and recordkeeping. It is to specify that the prevention of violence program at workplace must have clearly defined objectives and goals for averting the hazards in the workplace. The rights and obligations for the prevention and protection from hazards at work are put on three groups: Employer Workers Client Employer The employer of any organization is obliged to ascertain that the safety and health of the workers in every aspect regarding their work and not anything can lessen this responsibility of the employer. The employer should take obligatory steps to protect the safety and health of the workers which also embraces the steps to avert the occupational hazards training and informing the staff and also setting up the important organizational framework to attain these aims (Slater et al 2012). Modifications by the employer should be made to take the alterations into account in the situations and try to develop the existing circumstances. Following are the obligations of the employers in occupational hazards: The first and foremost thing is to prevent risks. They should evaluate the hazards which cannot be averted or lessened. They should combat the risks from its origin. The employers should adapt work to individual by making it certain that the job design, organization, equipment choice, procedures and substances to alleviate the risks from the job that is to be carried out in the outlook of decreasing all the bad effects on the health. Suppose, workers who work in laboratories or in fire brigades the management of the same should make sure that proper apron, helmets, glasses, apparatus, etc are used. The employers must see that the replacements of hazardous elements by things which are not hazardous or by less hazardous things are not same (Sullivan et al.2013). They should perform a risk evaluation for safety and health at work. Workers The employees also have a great deal of responsibilities to avert risks at workplace so as to protect themselves and their co-workers. They should take the adequate training and information regarding any occupational hazards which is given by the employers (Wicks Jamieson, 2014). They should comply and collaborate gently with the policies of the company regarding the health and safety measures. The following are laid down for them: Proper use of the appliances, machineries, equipments, tools, etc. Proper usage of the personal protective items which is supplied to them They should not remove the devices of safety which is needed for some specific installations and machineries (Findsen, 2015). They should immediately report the management regarding any threats or sudden danger at work and also of any inadequacy in the arrangements of the protection. They should perform all the tasks which come with safety regulations and coordinate with their employers to keep their working environment safe from any kind of risks and threats. Client The client should be responsible enough to take proper measures with the intention that the employers from any external security entities who are engaged in work in the company gets adequate data in accordance with the national laws or the policies, concerning the preventive and protective measures for both the establishment and the every post in the mentioned entity (Teclaw et al 2014).. The client should ensure that the workers from the external security firms have received proper instructions from the company regarding the risks on health and safety while they do their work with the client company. The following are important for the client to know: In case of Client Company the employers of the entity should cooperate and coordinate in implementing the health, occupational hygiene and safety provisions seeing nature of the work. They should organize their actions in protection, prevention and matters of occupational hazards. They must inform each other in case of risks They must also inform the respective co-workers in such matters which also includes informing the union head (Yusuff, 2014). Conclusion This assignment deals with the occupational hazards that can occur within the organization. The researcher has well mentioned about the occupational health and safety that prevents the occupational hazards to certain extent. There are various kinds of occupational hazards such as mechanical, chemical, physical, biological as well as psychosocial hazards. This helps in causing risks and accidents within the organization that causes impairment, physically challenged as well as death of the employees and workers. The several kinds of hazards also need to be solved immediately. Even the researcher has well explained the requirement and need of the safety issues within the organization for ensuring the safety of the employees. This is also done for better productivity as well as motivation of the employees. 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